Ubwoko 12 bwubuhanga bwa Filtration Ugomba Kumenya

Ubwoko 12 bwa tekinike yo kuyungurura inganda zitandukanye

Kwiyungurura ni tekinike ikoreshwa mu gutandukanya ibice bikomeye n'amazi (amazi cyangwa gaze) unyuze mumazi ukoresheje uburyo bugumana ibice bikomeye. Ukurikije imiterere yaamazi n'ibikomeye, ingano y'ibice, intego yo kuyungurura, nibindi bintu, tekiniki zitandukanye zo kuyungurura zirakoreshwa. Hano turondora ubwoko 12 bwubwoko bwingenzi bwubuhanga bwo kuyungurura bukoreshwa mubikorwa bitandukanye, twizere ko ibyo bishobora kugufasha kugirango umenye amakuru arambuye kubyerekeye kuyungurura.

1. Gukoresha imashini / Gukurura:

Mechanical / Straining Filtration nimwe muburyo bworoshye kandi bworoshye bwo kuyungurura. Muri rusange, bikubiyemo kunyuza amazi (yaba amazi cyangwa gaze) unyuze kuri bariyeri cyangwa uburyo bwo guhagarara cyangwa gufata ibice binini kuruta ubunini runaka, mugihe byemerera amazi kunyuramo.

1.) Ibintu by'ingenzi biranga:

* Akayunguruzo gaciriritse: Akayunguruzo gaciriritse mubusanzwe gafungura uduce duto cyangwa imyenge ifite ubunini bugena ibice bizafatwa nibizanyuramo. Ikigereranyo kirashobora gukorwa mubikoresho bitandukanye, harimo imyenda, ibyuma, cyangwa plastiki.

* Ingano ya Particle: Akayunguruzo ka mashini kareba cyane cyane ingano yubunini. Niba agace kanini kuruta ubunini bwa pore yubushakashatsi, burafatwa cyangwa bugashiramo.

* Uburyo bwo gutemba: Mubikoresho byinshi byo kuyungurura, amazi atemba atembera muburyo bwo kuyungurura.

2.) Porogaramu zisanzwe:

*Akayunguruzo k'amazi yo murugo:Akayunguruzo k'amazi gakuraho imyanda n'ibihumanya binini bishingiye ku kuyungurura imashini.

*Guteka ikawa:Akayunguruzo kawa ikora nkayunguruzo, ituma ikawa yamazi inyuramo mugihe igumana ikawa ikomeye.

*Ibidengeri byo koga:Akayunguruzo k'ibidendezi gakoresha inshundura cyangwa ecran kugirango umutego munini nk'amababi n'udukoko.

*Inzira zinganda:Ibikorwa byinshi byo gukora bisaba kuvanaho ibice binini mumazi, kandi mumashanyarazi akoreshwa kenshi.

*Akayunguruzo ko mu kirere muri sisitemu ya HVAC:Akayunguruzo kafata ibice binini byo mu kirere nk'umukungugu, amabyi, na mikorobe zimwe.

3.) Ibyiza:

*Ubworoherane:Kurungurura imashini biroroshye kubyumva, kubishyira mubikorwa, no kubungabunga.

*Guhindura:Muguhindura ibikoresho hamwe nubunini bwa filteri yo hagati, iyungurura imashini irashobora guhuzwa kumurongo mugari wa porogaramu.

*Ikiguzi:Bitewe n'ubworoherane bwacyo, ibiciro byambere no kubungabunga akenshi biri munsi ugereranije na sisitemu igoye yo kuyungurura.

4.) Imipaka:

*Gufunga:Igihe kirenze, nkuko ibice byinshi kandi byinshi byafashwe, akayunguruzo karashobora gufungwa, kugabanya imikorere yacyo no gusaba isuku cyangwa gusimburwa.

*Kugarukira ku Bice binini:Akayunguruzo ka mashini ntigukora neza mugukuraho uduce duto cyane, ibintu byashonze, cyangwa mikorobe zimwe na zimwe.

*Kubungabunga:Kugenzura buri gihe no gusimbuza cyangwa gusukura uburyo bwo kuyungurura ni ngombwa kugirango ukore neza.

Mu gusoza, gukanika cyangwa gushungura ni uburyo bwibanze bwo gutandukana bushingiye ku bunini bwibice. Mugihe bidashobora kuba bibereye mubisabwa bisaba kuvanaho uduce duto cyane cyangwa ibintu byashonze, nuburyo bwizewe kandi bunoze kubikorwa byinshi bya buri munsi ninganda.

2.

Gravity Filtration nubuhanga bukoreshwa cyane muri laboratoire gutandukanya ikintu gikomeye namazi ukoresheje imbaraga za rukuruzi. Ubu buryo burakwiriye mugihe igikomeye kidashonga mumazi cyangwa mugihe ushaka kuvana umwanda mumazi.

1.) Inzira:

* Uruziga ruzunguruka, rusanzwe rukozwe muri selile, ruziritse rushyirwa muri ruhurura.

* Uruvange rwibintu bikomeye namazi bisukwa kumpapuro zungurura.

* Bitewe ningufu za rukuruzi, amazi anyura mumyobo yimpapuro zungurura hanyuma akusanyirizwa hepfo, mugihe igikomeye kigumye kumpapuro.

2.) Ibintu by'ingenzi biranga:

* Akayunguruzo Hagati:Mubisanzwe, impapuro zujuje ubuziranenge zikoreshwa. Guhitamo impapuro zungurura biterwa nubunini bwibice bigomba gutandukana nigipimo cyo kuyungurura bisabwa.

* Ibikoresho:Ikirahuri cyoroshye cyangwa icyuma cya plastiki gikoreshwa kenshi. Umuyoboro ushyirwa kumurongo wimpeta hejuru ya flask cyangwa inzoga kugirango ikusanyirize hamwe

(amazi yanyuze muyungurura).

* Nta gitutu cyo hanze:Bitandukanye no kuyungurura vacuum, aho itandukaniro ryumuvuduko wo hanze ryihutisha inzira, iyungurura rukuruzi rishingiye gusa kumbaraga rukuruzi. Ibi bivuze ko muri rusange bitinda kurenza ubundi buryo nka vacuum cyangwa centrifugal filtration.

3) Porogaramu Rusange:

Gutandukanya Laboratoire:

Gravity filtration ni tekinike isanzwe muri laboratoire ya chimie yo gutandukana byoroshye cyangwa gukuraho umwanda mubisubizo.

* Gukora icyayi:Inzira yo gukora icyayi ukoresheje umufuka wicyayi nuburyo bwo kuyungurura imbaraga,

aho icyayi cyamazi kinyura mumufuka (ikora nkayunguruzo), ugasiga amababi yicyayi akomeye.

4.) Ibyiza:

* Ubworoherane:Nuburyo butaziguye busaba ibikoresho bike, bigatuma bigerwaho kandi byoroshye kubyumva.

* Ntibikenewe ko amashanyarazi: Kubera ko adashingiye kumuvuduko wo hanze cyangwa imashini, kuyungurura imbaraga birashobora gukorwa nta nkomoko y'amashanyarazi.

* Umutekano:Niba nta gitutu cyiyongera, harikibazo kigabanuka cyimpanuka ugereranije na sisitemu zotswa igitutu.

5.) Imipaka:

* Umuvuduko:Akayunguruzo ka Gravity karashobora gutinda, cyane cyane mugihe cyo kuyungurura imvange hamwe nibice byiza cyangwa ibintu bikomeye.

* Ntabwo ari byiza kubice byiza cyane:Ibice bito cyane birashobora kunyura muyungurura cyangwa bigatera gufunga vuba.

Ubushobozi buke:Bitewe no kwishingikiriza kuri funnel yoroshye nimpapuro zungurura, ntibikwiye mubikorwa binini byinganda.

Muri make, imbaraga za rukuruzi ni uburyo bworoshye kandi bworoshye bwo gutandukanya ibinini n'amazi. Nubwo bidashobora kuba uburyo bwihuse cyangwa bunoze kubintu byose, uburyo bworoshye bwo gukoresha hamwe nibikoresho bike bisabwa bituma biba ikintu cyingenzi muri laboratoire.

3. Gushungura

Akayunguruzo gashyushye ni tekinike ya laboratoire ikoreshwa mu gutandukanya umwanda udashonga nigisubizo cyuzuye cyuzuye mbere yuko gikonja kandi kigahinduka. Intego nyamukuru nugukuraho umwanda ushobora kuba uhari, ukareba ko utinjizwa muri kristu yifuzwa nyuma yo gukonja.

1. ced Inzira:

Gushyushya:Igisubizo kirimo igisubizo cyifuzwa numwanda ubanza gushyuha kugirango ushongeshe burundu.

* Gushiraho Ibikoresho:Akayunguruzo, icyiza kimwe gikozwe mu kirahure, gishyirwa kuri flask cyangwa beaker. Urupapuro rwunguruzo rushyirwa imbere muri ruhurura. Kugirango wirinde gutondeka imburagihe ya solute mugihe cyo kuyungurura, umuyoboro ukunze gushyuha ukoresheje ubwogero bwamazi cyangwa imyenda yo gushyushya.

* Kwimura:Igisubizo gishyushye gisukwa muri ruhurura, cyemerera igice cyamazi (filtrate) kunyura mumpapuro zungurura hanyuma ugakusanyiriza muri flask cyangwa inzoga hepfo.

* Gutega umutego:Umwanda udashonga usigaye inyuma kurupapuro.

2. Ingingo z'ingenzi:

Komeza Ubushyuhe:Ni ngombwa gukomeza ibintu byose bishyushye mugihe cyibikorwa.

Igabanuka ryubushyuhe iryo ariryo ryose rishobora kuvamo igisubizo gikenewe korohereza impapuro ziyungurura hamwe numwanda.

* Impapuro zungurura impapuro:Akenshi, akayunguruzo impapuro ziravuzwa cyangwa zizingiwe muburyo bwihariye kugirango wongere ubuso bwacyo, utezimbere gushungura byihuse.

* Kwiyuhagira cyangwa Amazi ashyushye:Ibi bikunze gukoreshwa kugirango feri ya feri nigisubizo gishyushye, bigabanye ibyago byo korohereza.

3.） Ibyiza:

* Gukora neza:Emerera kuvanaho umwanda mubisubizo mbere yo korohereza, kwemeza kristu nziza.

* Ibisobanuro:Ifasha mukubona filtrate isobanutse idafite umwanda udashonga.

4.） Imipaka:

* Ubushyuhe bukabije:Ntabwo ibice byose bihagaze neza mubushyuhe bwo hejuru, bushobora kugabanya ikoreshwa rya filteri ishyushye kubintu bimwe byoroshye.

* Impungenge z'umutekano:Gukemura ibisubizo bishyushye byongera ibyago byo gutwikwa kandi bisaba ingamba zidasanzwe.

* Kumva ibikoresho:Hagomba kwitabwaho cyane cyane ibirahuri kuko ihinduka ryubushyuhe bwihuse rishobora gutuma rivunika.

Muncamake, gushungura bishyushye nubuhanga bwabugenewe bwo gutandukanya umwanda nigisubizo gishyushye, ukemeza ko kristu zavuyemo nyuma yo gukonja zifite isuku ishoboka. Tekinike ikwiye hamwe no kwirinda umutekano ni ngombwa kubisubizo byiza kandi byiza.

4. Akayunguruzo gakonje

Ubukonje bukonje nuburyo bukoreshwa cyane muri laboratoire gutandukanya cyangwa kweza ibintu. Nkuko izina ribigaragaza, gushungura bikonje birimo gukonjesha igisubizo, mubisanzwe kugirango uteze imbere gutandukanya ibikoresho udashaka.

1. Inzira:

* Gukonjesha igisubizo:Umuti urakonje, akenshi mubwogero bwa barafu cyangwa firigo. Ubu buryo bwo gukonjesha buzatera ibintu bidakenewe (akenshi byanduye) bidashonga cyane kubushyuhe buke kugirango bibe bivuye mubisubizo.

* Gushiraho Ibikoresho:Kimwe no mubindi buhanga bwo kuyungurura, akayunguruzo gashyirwa hejuru yubwato bwakirwa (nka flask cyangwa beaker). Akayunguruzo Urupapuro rushyizwe imbere muri ruhurura.

* Kurungurura:Igisubizo gikonje gisukwa muri ruhurura. Umwanda ukomeye, wagiye uhindagurika kubera ubushyuhe bwagabanutse, bafatiwe ku mpapuro. Igisubizo gisukuye, kizwi nka filtrate, gikusanyiriza mu cyombo hepfo.

Ingingo z'ingenzi:

* Intego:Akayunguruzo gakonje gakoreshwa cyane cyane mugukuraho umwanda cyangwa ibintu udashaka bihinduka ibishonga cyangwa bidashonga cyane kubushyuhe bwagabanutse.

Imvura:Tekinike irashobora gukoreshwa hamwe nubushyuhe bwimvura, aho imvura iguye imaze gukonja.

* Gukemura:Akayunguruzo gakonje gakoresha inyungu zo kugabanuka kwibintu bimwe na bimwe mubushyuhe buke.

Ibyiza:

* Isuku:Itanga uburyo bwo kuzamura ubuziranenge bwigisubizo ukuraho ibice bidakenewe biboneka nyuma yo gukonja.

* Gutandukanya Guhitamo:Kubera ko ibice bimwe gusa bizagusha cyangwa bigabanye ubushyuhe bwihariye, gushungura gukonje birashobora gukoreshwa mugutandukanya.

Imipaka:

* Gutandukana kutuzuye:Ntabwo umwanda wose ushobora gutondeka cyangwa kugwa nyuma yo gukonja, kuburyo umwanda umwe ushobora kuguma muri filteri.

* Ibyago byo gutakaza ibice byifuzwa:Niba ifumbire yinyungu nayo yagabanije gukemuka kubushyuhe bwo hasi, irashobora gutobora hamwe numwanda.

* Gutwara igihe:Ukurikije ibintu, kugera ku bushyuhe buke bwifuzwa no kwemerera umwanda korohereza ibintu bishobora gutwara igihe.

Muncamake, gushungura gukonje nubuhanga bwihariye bukoresha impinduka zubushyuhe kugirango ugere kubutandukane. Uburyo ni ingirakamaro cyane cyane mugihe umwanda cyangwa ibice bimwe bizwiho gutondeka cyangwa kugwa mubushyuhe buke, bigatuma habaho gutandukana nigisubizo nyamukuru. Kimwe nubuhanga bwose, gusobanukirwa imiterere yibintu birimo ni ngombwa kubisubizo byiza.

5. Kwiyungurura Vacuum:

Vacuum kuyungurura ni tekinike yihuta yo kuyungurura ikoreshwa mugutandukanya ibinini n'amazi. Ukoresheje icyuho kuri sisitemu, amazi akururwa binyuze muyungurura, hasigara ibisigazwa bikomeye. Nibyiza cyane cyane gutandukanya ubwinshi bwibisigisigi cyangwa mugihe akayunguruzo ari ibintu byoroshye cyangwa bigenda buhoro.

1.) Inzira:

* Gushiraho Ibikoresho:Umuyoboro wa Büchner (cyangwa umuyoboro usa nawo wagenewe gushungura vacuum) ushyirwa hejuru ya flask, bakunze kwita akayunguruzo cyangwa flask ya Büchner. Flask ihujwe nisoko ya vacuum. Igice cy'iyungurura cyangwa aIcyahadisiki yikirahure ishyirwa imbere muri feri kugirango ikore nkayunguruzo.

* Gukoresha Vacuum:Inkomoko ya vacuum irakinguye, igabanya umuvuduko imbere muri flask.

* Kurungurura:Amazi avanze asukwa muyungurura. Umuvuduko wagabanutse muri flask ukurura amazi (filtrate) unyuze muyungurura, ugasiga ibice bikomeye (ibisigara) hejuru.

2.) Ingingo z'ingenzi:

* Umuvuduko:Ikoreshwa rya vacuum ryihutisha cyane uburyo bwo kuyungurura ugereranije na gravit-itwarwa na filteri.

Ikidodo:Ikirango cyiza hagati ya feri na flask ningirakamaro kugirango ikomeze icyuho. Akenshi, kashe igerwaho hifashishijwe reberi cyangwa silicone bung.

* Umutekano:Iyo ukoresheje ibirahuri munsi ya vacuum, harikibazo cyo guterwa. Ni ngombwa kwemeza ko ibikoresho byose byibirahure bitarimo ibice cyangwa

inenge no gukingira igenamiterere igihe bishoboka.

3.) Ibyiza:

* Gukora neza:Iyungurura rya Vacuum irihuta cyane kuruta yoroshye ya rukuruzi.

* Guhindura byinshi:Irashobora gukoreshwa hamwe nuburyo butandukanye bwibisubizo no guhagarikwa, harimo nibigaragara cyane cyangwa bifite ibisigisigi byinshi.

Ubunini:Birakwiye kubikorwa byombi bito bya laboratoire hamwe ninganda nini nini.

4.) Imipaka:

* Ibisabwa Ibikoresho:Irasaba ibikoresho byinyongera, harimo isoko ya vacuum na funnel yihariye.

* Ingaruka zo gufunga:Niba ibice bikomeye ari byiza cyane, birashobora gufunga akayunguruzo gaciriritse, gutinda cyangwa guhagarika inzira yo kuyungurura.

* Impungenge z'umutekano:Gukoresha icyuho hamwe nibikoresho byibirahure bizana ingaruka zo guterwa, bikenera ingamba zikwiye zo kwirinda umutekano.

Muncamake, filteri ya vacuum nuburyo bukomeye kandi bunoze bwo gutandukanya ibinini byamazi, cyane cyane mubihe aho byifuzwa kuyungurura byihuse cyangwa mugihe ukemura ibisubizo bitinda kuyungurura ku mbaraga za rukuruzi zonyine. Gushiraho neza, kugenzura ibikoresho, no kwirinda umutekano ni ngombwa kugirango habeho ibisubizo byiza kandi byiza.

6. Kuzunguruka Ubujyakuzimu:

Ubujyakuzimu bwimbitse nuburyo bwo kuyungurura aho ibice bifatirwa mubugari (cyangwa "ubujyakuzimu") bwo kuyungurura, aho kuba hejuru gusa. Akayunguruzo gaciriritse muburyo bwimbitse muyungurura ni mubyimbye, ibintu byoroshye bifata ibice mubice byose.

1.) Uburyo:

* Gufata mu buryo butaziguye: Ibice bifatwa mu buryo butaziguye na filteri yo mu buryo iyo ihuye nayo.

* Adsorption: Ibice byubahiriza akayunguruzo bitewe nimbaraga za van der Waals nizindi mikoranire ishimishije.

* Gutandukana: Uduce duto tugenda nabi bitewe nigikorwa cya Brownian hanyuma amaherezo igafatirwa mumashanyarazi.

2.) Ibikoresho:

Ibikoresho bisanzwe bikoreshwa mu kuyungurura byimbitse birimo:

Cellulose

Isi ya Diatomaceous

* Perlite

* Polymeric resin

3.) Inzira:

* Imyiteguro:Ubujyakuzimu bwimbitse bwashyizweho muburyo butera amazi cyangwa gaze kunyura mubyimbye byose.

* Kurungurura:Mugihe amazi atembera mumashanyarazi, ibice byafashwe mubwimbike bwiyungurura, ntabwo biri hejuru gusa.

* Gusimbuza / Gusukura:Iyo akayunguruzo kamaze kuzura cyangwa umuvuduko ukabije ugabanuka cyane, bigomba gusimburwa cyangwa gusukurwa.

4.) Ingingo z'ingenzi:

* Guhindura byinshi:Ubujyakuzimu bwimbitse burashobora gukoreshwa mugushungura intera nini yingero zingana, kuva mubice binini ugereranije kugeza byiza cyane.

Imiterere ya Gradient:Ubujyakuzimu bwimbitse bufite imiterere ya gradient, bivuze ko ubunini bwa pore butandukana kuva kumurongo ugana kuruhande. Igishushanyo cyemerera uburyo bwiza bwo gufata ibice nkuko ibice binini byafatiwe hafi yinjirira mugihe uduce duto twafashwe twimbitse mumashusho.

5.) Ibyiza:

* Umwanda mwinshi ufite ubushobozi:Ubujyakuzimu bwimbitse bushobora gufata umubare munini wibice bitewe nubunini bwibikoresho.

* Koroherana kubunini butandukanye:Barashobora gutunganya ibintu bifite ubunini bugari.

* Kugabanya Ubuso bwo gufunga:Kuva ibice byafashwe mugihe cyo kuyungurura hagati, ubujyakuzimu bwimbitse bukunda guhura nubutaka buke ugereranije nubushungura.

6.) Imipaka:

* Inshuro zo Gusimbuza:Ukurikije imiterere y'amazi nubunini bwa selile, filteri yimbitse irashobora guhaga kandi ikeneye gusimburwa.

* Ntabwo buri gihe bisubirwamo:Bimwe mu byungurura byimbitse, cyane cyane bikozwe mubikoresho bya fibrous, ntibishobora guhanagurwa byoroshye no kuvugururwa.

* Igitutu cy'ingutu:Imiterere yuburebure bwimbitse irashobora gushikana kumuvuduko mwinshi ugabanuka hejuru ya filteri, cyane cyane ko itangiye kuzura ibice.

Muncamake, ubujyakuzimu bwimbitse nuburyo bukoreshwa mugutwara ibice mubice byuburyo bwo kuyungurura, aho kuba hejuru gusa. Ubu buryo ni ingirakamaro cyane cyane kumazi afite ubunini bugari cyangwa mugihe hagomba gukenerwa ubushobozi bwo gufata umwanda mwinshi. Guhitamo neza muyungurura ibikoresho no kubungabunga ni ngombwa kugirango imikorere ikorwe neza.

7. Kuzunguruka hejuru:

Kurungurura Ubuso nuburyo buryo ibice bifatirwa hejuru yayunguruzo hagati aho kuba mubwimbitse bwayo. Muri ubu bwoko bwo kuyungurura, akayunguruzo gaciriritse gakora nk'icyuma, bigatuma utuntu duto duto tunyuramo mugihe tugumana ibice binini hejuru yacyo.

1.) Uburyo:

Kubika Amashanyarazi:Ibice binini kuruta pore yubunini bwa filteri igumaho hejuru, nkukuntu icyuma gikora.

* Kwiyongera:Ibice bimwe bishobora kwizirika hejuru yayunguruzo kubera imbaraga zitandukanye, kabone niyo byaba ari bito kurenza ubunini bwa pore.

2.) Ibikoresho:

Ibikoresho bisanzwe bikoreshwa mugushungura hejuru harimo:

* Imyenda iboshywe cyangwa idoda

* Membrane ifite ubunini bwa pore

* Ibyuma byerekana ibyuma

3.) Inzira:

* Imyiteguro:Ubuso bwa filteri irahagaze kuburyo amazi yo kuyungurura atembera hejuru cyangwa ayanyuzemo.

* Kurungurura:Mugihe amazi anyuze hejuru ya filteri, ibice byafashwe hejuru yacyo.

* Isuku / Gusimbuza:Igihe kirenze, nkuko ibice byinshi birundanya, akayunguruzo gashobora gufunga kandi bigomba gusukurwa cyangwa gusimburwa.

4.) Ingingo z'ingenzi:

* Ibisobanuro bya Pore Ingano:Ubuso bwa sisitemu akenshi bifite ubusobanuro busobanutse neza bwa pore ugereranije nuburebure bwungurura, butanga ubunini bushingiye kubutandukane.

* Guhuma / gufunga:Ubuso bwa Muyunguruzi bukunze guhuma cyangwa gufunga kuva ibice bitagabanijwe muyungurura ariko bikusanyiriza hejuru yacyo.

5.) Ibyiza:

* Kuraho Cutoff:Urebye ingano ya pore isobanuwe, hejuru yungurura irashobora gutanga igabanywa risobanutse, bigatuma ikora neza mubikorwa aho gukuramo ingano ari ngombwa.

* Gukoresha:Byinshi muyunguruzi, cyane cyane bikozwe mubikoresho biramba nkicyuma, birashobora gusukurwa no gukoreshwa inshuro nyinshi.

* Ibiteganijwe:Bitewe nubunini bwa pore bwasobanuwe, ubuso bwo kuyungurura butanga imikorere iteganijwe mubunini bushingiye kubitandukanya.

6.) Imipaka:

Gufunga:Ubuso bwa Muyunguruzi burashobora gufungwa byihuse kuruta ubujyakuzimu bwimbitse, cyane cyane mubice byinshi byimitwaro.

* Igitutu cy'ingutu:Mugihe akayunguruzo kaba karimo ibintu byinshi, igitutu kigabanuka hejuru ya filteri irashobora kwiyongera cyane.

* Ubworoherane Buke Kubice Bitandukanye Ingano:Bitandukanye nubujyakuzimu bwungurura, bushobora kwakira intera nini yingero zingana, hejuru yubushungura burahitamo cyane kandi ntibishobora kuba bibereye mumazi hamwe nubunini bwagutse.

Muncamake, kuyungurura hejuru birimo kugumana uduce hejuru yubushakashatsi. Itanga ubunini bushingiye ku gutandukana ariko birashoboka cyane gufunga kuruta gushungura. Guhitamo hagati yubuso bwimbitse nubujyakuzimu ahanini biterwa nibisabwa byihariye bisabwa, imiterere y'amazi arimo kuyungurura, n'ibiranga umutwaro uremereye.

8. Filtration ya Membrane:

Akayunguruzo ka Membrane ni tekinike itandukanya ibice, harimo mikorobe n’ibisubizo, biva mu mazi binyujijwe muri kimwe cya kabiri cyinjira. Ibibyimba byasobanuye ubunini bwa pore butuma gusa uduce duto duto kuruta utwo dusimba tunyuramo, bikora neza nkicyuma.

1.) Uburyo:

* Gukuraho Ingano:Ibice binini kuruta ubunini bwa membrane bigumaho hejuru, mugihe uduce duto na molekile zishonga zinyuramo.

* Kwiyongera:Ibice bimwe bishobora kwizirika hejuru ya membrane kubera imbaraga zitandukanye, kabone niyo byaba ari bito kurenza ubunini bwa pore.

2.) Ibikoresho:

Ibikoresho bisanzwe bikoreshwa muri membrane muyungurura harimo:

Polysulfone

Polyethersulfone

Polyamide

Polypropilene

* PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene)

* Acetate ya selile

3.) Ubwoko:

Akayunguruzo ka Membrane gashobora gushyirwa mubice ukurikije ubunini bwa pore:

Microfiltration (MF):Mubisanzwe igumana ibice kuva kuri 0.1 kugeza kuri micrometero 10 mubunini. Akenshi bikoreshwa mugukuraho ibice no kugabanya mikorobe.

* Ultrafiltration (UF):Igumana ibice kuva kuri 0.001 kugeza 0.1 micrometero. Bikunze gukoreshwa muburyo bwa protein no gukuraho virusi.

* Nanofiltration (NF):Ifite ubunini bwa pore yemerera gukuraho molekile ntoya kama na ion nyinshi, mugihe ion monovalent akenshi inyuramo.

* Hindura Osmose (RO):Ntabwo ari ugushungura cyane kubunini bwa pore ahubwo ikora ishingiye kubitandukaniro rya osmotic. Ihagarika neza inzira yimyanya myinshi, itanga amazi gusa nibisubizo bito.

4.) Inzira:

* Imyiteguro:Akayunguruzo gashizwemo muburyo bukwiye cyangwa module, kandi sisitemu irahari.

* Kurungurura:Amazi ahatirwa (akenshi nigitutu) binyuze muri membrane. Ibice binini kuruta ubunini bwa pore bigumaho, bikavamo akayunguruzo kazwi nka permeate cyangwa kuyungurura.

* Isuku / Gusimbuza:Igihe kirenze, ururenda rushobora kwanduzwa nuduce twagumanye. Isuku isanzwe cyangwa kuyisimbuza birashobora kuba nkenerwa cyane cyane mubikorwa byinganda.

5.) Ingingo z'ingenzi:

* Kwiyungurura:Kugirango wirinde kwihuta, porogaramu nyinshi zikoresha inganda zikoresha crossflow cyangwa tangential flow filtration. Hano, amazi atemba abangikanye na membrane, akuraho ibice byagumishijwe.

* Sterilizing Grade Membrane:Izi ni membrane zabugenewe kugirango zikureho mikorobe zose zifatika mumazi, zemeze neza.

6.) Ibyiza:

* Icyitonderwa:Membrane ifite ubunini bwa pore itanga ibisobanuro neza mubunini bushingiye kubitandukanya.

* Guhinduka:Hamwe nubwoko butandukanye bwa membrane iyungurura irahari, birashoboka guhitamo intego yagutse yingero zingana.

Uburumbuke:Ibice bimwe bishobora kugera kubintu bidahinduka, bikagira agaciro mubikorwa bya farumasi na biotechnologie.

7.) Imipaka:

* Kubeshya:Membrane irashobora kwangirika mugihe, biganisha ku kugabanuka kw umuvuduko no gukora neza.

* Igiciro:Ibiranga ubuziranenge hamwe nibikoresho bifitanye isano nabyo birashobora kubahenze.

* Umuvuduko:Akayunguruzo ka Membrane akenshi gasaba igitutu cyo hanze kugirango gitware inzira, cyane cyane kuri membrane zikomeye nkizikoreshwa muri RO.

Muncamake, filteri ya membrane nubuhanga butandukanye bukoreshwa muburyo butandukanye bwo gutandukanya ibice biva mumazi. Uburyo busobanutse neza, bufatanije nubwoko butandukanye buboneka, butuma buba ingirakamaro mubikorwa byinshi byo gutunganya amazi, ibinyabuzima, n'inganda n'ibiribwa n'ibinyobwa, n'ibindi. Kubungabunga neza no gusobanukirwa amahame shingiro nibyingenzi kubisubizo byiza.

9.

Muyungurura ya crossflow, igisubizo cyibiryo gitemba kibangikanye cyangwa "tangential" kuri filteri ya membrane, aho kuba perpendicular kuri yo. Uru rugendo rudasanzwe rugabanya iyubakwa ryibice hejuru yubuso, nikibazo gikunze kugaragara mugushungura bisanzwe (byapfuye-impera) aho igisubizo cyibiryo gisunikwa neza muri membrane.

1.) Uburyo:

Kugumana Ibice:Mugihe igisubizo cyibiryo gitembera neza muri membrane, ibice binini kuruta ubunini bwa pore birabujijwe kunyura.

* Igikorwa cyo guhanagura:Urujya n'uruza rw'ibintu bikuraho ibice byagumishijwe hejuru ya membrane, bigabanya ububi bwa polarisiyasi.

2.) Inzira:

*Gushiraho:Sisitemu ifite pompe izenguruka igisubizo cyibiryo hejuru yubutaka bwa membrane ikomeza.

* Kurungurura:Igisubizo cyo kugaburira gipompa hejuru ya membrane. Igice cyamazi yinjira muri membrane, hasigara inyuma yibitekerezo bikomeza kuzenguruka.

* Kwibanda hamwe na Diafiltration:TFF irashobora gukoreshwa mugushira hamwe igisubizo mukuzenguruka retentate. Ubundi, buffer nshya (diafiltration fluid) irashobora kongerwaho kumugezi wa retentate kugirango uyunguruze kandi woze utuntu duto tutifuzwa, turusheho kweza ibice byagumishijwe.

3.) Ingingo z'ingenzi:

* Kugabanya amakosa:Igikorwa cyo guhanagura ibintu bitemba bigabanya kugabanuka kwa membrane,

irashobora kuba ikibazo gikomeye mumashusho yanyuma.

* Kwibanda kuri Polarisation:

Nubwo TFF igabanya ububi, polarisiyasi yibanze (aho ibisubizo byegeranya hejuru ya membrane,

gukora intumbero yo kwibanda) irashobora kugaragara. Nyamara, ibintu bifatika bifasha mukugabanya iyi ngaruka kurwego runaka.

4.) Ibyiza:

* Ubuzima bwagutse bwa Membrane:Bitewe no kugabanya amakosa, membrane ikoreshwa muri TFF akenshi iba ifite igihe kirekire cyo gukora ugereranije niyakoreshejwe muyungurura.

* Igipimo kinini cyo gukira:TFF itanga igipimo cyinshi cyo gukira cyintego zikemurwa cyangwa ibice biva mumigezi yo kugaburira.

* Guhindura byinshi:Inzira irakwiriye muburyo butandukanye bwo gukoresha, kuva kwibanda kuri protein ibisubizo muri biofarma kugeza kweza amazi.

* Gukomeza Gukora:Sisitemu ya TFF irashobora gukoreshwa ubudahwema, bigatuma iba nziza mubikorwa byinganda.

5.) Imipaka:

* Ingorabahizi:Sisitemu ya TFF irashobora kuba ingorabahizi kuruta sisitemu yo gupfa gushungura bitewe no gukenera pompe no kuzenguruka.

* Igiciro:Ibikoresho hamwe na membrane ya TFF birashobora kuba bihenze kuruta uburyo bworoshye bwo kuyungurura.

* Gukoresha ingufu:Amapompe yo kwisubiramo arashobora gukoresha ingufu zitari nke, cyane cyane mubikorwa binini.

Muncamake, Crossflow cyangwa Tangential Flow Filtration (TFF) nubuhanga bwihariye bwo kuyungurura bukoresha imigezi igaragara kugirango igabanye ububi bwa membrane. Mugihe itanga ibyiza byinshi muburyo bwo gukora neza no kugabanya amakosa, birasaba kandi gushiraho uburyo bukomeye kandi birashobora kugira amafaranga menshi yo gukora. Nibyiza cyane cyane mubihe aho uburyo busanzwe bwo kuyungurura bushobora kuganisha vuba kuri membrane cyangwa aho bikenewe gukira cyane.

10. Filtration ya Centrifugal:

Akayunguruzo ka Centrifugal gakoresha amahame yingufu za centrifugal gutandukanya ibice nibisukari. Muri ubu buryo, imvange izunguruka ku muvuduko mwinshi, itera uduce duto duto twimuka hanze, mu gihe amazi yoroheje (cyangwa uduce duto duto) aguma yerekeza hagati. Uburyo bwo kuyungurura mubisanzwe bibaho muri centrifuge, nigikoresho cyagenewe kuzunguruka imvange no kubitandukanya ukurikije itandukaniro ryubucucike.

1.) Uburyo:

* Gutandukanya ubucucike:Iyo centrifuge ikora, ibice byimbitse cyangwa ibintu bihatirwa hanze kuri

perimetero ya centrifuge chambre cyangwa rotor kubera imbaraga za centrifugal.

* Akayunguruzo Hagati:Ibikoresho bimwe bya centrifugal byungurura birimo gushungura hagati cyangwa mesh. Imbaraga za centrifugal

asunika amazi binyuze muyungurura, mugihe ibice biguma inyuma.

2.) Inzira:

* Kuremera:Icyitegererezo cyangwa imvange byapakiwe muri centrifuge tubes cyangwa ibice.

* Centrifugation:Centrifuge irakora, kandi icyitegererezo kizunguruka kumuvuduko wateganijwe.

* Gukira:Nyuma ya centrifugation, ibice bitandukanijwe mubisanzwe biboneka mubice bitandukanye cyangwa muri zone muri tari ya centrifuge. Imyanda ya denser cyangwa pellet iryamye hepfo, mugihe ndengakamere (amazi asukuye hejuru yubutaka) arashobora gutoborwa byoroshye cyangwa akajugunywa hanze.

3.) Ingingo z'ingenzi:

* Ubwoko bwa Rotor:Hariho ubwoko butandukanye bwa rotor, nka rot-angle na swinging-indobo rotor, ihuza ibikenewe bitandukanye.

* Imbaraga zijyanye na Centrifugal Force (RCF):Iki ni igipimo cyimbaraga zashyizwe kuri sample mugihe cya centrifugation kandi akenshi ni ngombwa kuruta kuvuga impinduramatwara kumunota (RPM). RCF iterwa na radiyo ya rotor n'umuvuduko wa centrifuge.

4.) Ibyiza:

* Gutandukana Byihuse:Centrifugal filtration irashobora kwihuta cyane kuruta uburyo bwo gutandukanya imbaraga.

* Guhindura byinshi:Uburyo bukwiranye ningero zingana zingero zingana nubucucike. Muguhindura centrifugation umuvuduko nigihe, ubwoko butandukanye bwo gutandukana burashobora kugerwaho.

Ubunini:Centrifuges iza mubunini butandukanye, kuva microcentrifuges ikoreshwa muri laboratoire yintangarugero ntoya kugeza kuri centrifuges nini yinganda zo gutunganya byinshi.

5.) Imipaka:

Igiciro cyibikoresho:Umuvuduko mwinshi cyangwa ultra-centrifuges, cyane cyane ikoreshwa mubikorwa byihariye, birashobora kuba bihenze.

* Kwita ku bikorwa:Centrifuges ikeneye kuringaniza no kubungabunga buri gihe kugirango ikore neza kandi neza.

* Icyitegererezo cy'Ubunyangamugayo:Imbaraga zo hejuru cyane zishobora guhindura cyangwa kwangiza ibyitegererezo byibinyabuzima byoroshye.

Muncamake, gushungura centrifugal nubuhanga bukomeye butandukanya ibintu ukurikije itandukaniro ryabyo bitewe ningufu za centrifugal. Ikoreshwa cyane mubikorwa bitandukanye no mubushakashatsi, kuva kweza poroteyine muri laboratoire ya biotech kugeza gutandukanya ibice byamata munganda zamata. Gukora neza no gusobanukirwa ibikoresho nibyingenzi kugirango ugere kubyo wifuza gutandukana no gukomeza ubunyangamugayo.

11. Kuzunguza imigati:

Akayunguruzo ka cake ninzira yo kuyungurura aho "cake" ikomeye cyangwa igorofa igaragara hejuru yubushakashatsi. Iyi cake, igizwe nibice byegeranijwe bivuye guhagarikwa, bihinduka urwego rwambere rwo kuyungurura, akenshi bizamura imikorere yo gutandukana nkuko inzira ikomeza.

1.) Uburyo:

* Kwiyongera kw'ibice:Nkuko amazi (cyangwa guhagarikwa) anyuzwa mumashanyarazi, ibice bikomeye byafashwe hanyuma bigatangira kwiyegeranya hejuru yayunguruzo.

* Gukora imigati:Igihe kirenze, ibyo bice byafashwe bikora urwego cyangwa 'cake' kumayunguruzo. Iyi cake ikora nkayunguruzo ya kabiri, kandi ububobere bwayo nuburyo bigira ingaruka ku kuyungurura no gukora neza.

* Kuzamura umutsima:Mugihe gahunda yo kuyungurura ikomeje, cake irabyimbye, ishobora kugabanya igipimo cyo kuyungurura kubera kwiyongera.

2.) Inzira:

* Gushiraho:Akayunguruzo gaciriritse (gashobora kuba umwenda, ecran, cyangwa ibindi bikoresho byoroshye) byashyizwe mubifata neza cyangwa ikadiri.

* Kurungurura:Ihagarikwa ryanyuze hejuru cyangwa binyuze muyungurura. Ibice bitangira kwiyegeranya hejuru, bikora cake.

* Gukuraho imigati:Igikorwa cyo kuyungurura kirangiye cyangwa mugihe umutsima ubaye mwinshi, bikabuza gutembera, cake irashobora gukurwaho cyangwa gukurwaho, kandi inzira yo kuyungurura irashobora gutangira.

3.) Ingingo z'ingenzi:

* Umuvuduko nigipimo:Igipimo cyo kuyungurura gishobora guterwa nigitutu cyumuvuduko ukayungurura. Mugihe agatsima kiyongereye, itandukaniro ryinshi ryumuvuduko rirashobora gukenerwa kugirango ukomeze kugenda.

* Kwiyunvira:Udutsima tumwe na tumwe dushobora guhindagurika, bivuze ko imiterere yabyo hamwe no guhinduka kwinshi mukibazo. Ibi birashobora kugira ingaruka ku gipimo cyo kuyungurura no gukora neza.

4.) Ibyiza:

* Kunoza imikorere:Cake ubwayo itanga akayunguruzo keza kuruta iyungurura ryambere, ifata uduce duto.

* Kugaragaza neza:Agatsima gakomeye karashobora gutandukana byoroshye nuyungurura, byoroshya kugarura ibintu byayungurujwe.

Guhindura:Akayunguruzo ka cake karashobora gukora intera nini yingero zingana.

5.) Imipaka:

Kugabanuka kw'ibiciro:Mugihe umutsima ubyibushye, umuvuduko wikigereranyo ugabanuka bitewe nokurwanya kwinshi.

* Gufunga no guhuma:Niba umutsima ubyibushye cyane cyangwa niba ibice byinjiye cyane muyungurura, birashobora gutuma umuntu afunga cyangwa ahuma amaso.

* Isuku kenshi:Rimwe na rimwe, cyane cyane hamwe no kubaka cake byihuse, akayunguruzo gashobora gukenera guhanagura kenshi cyangwa gukuramo cake, bishobora guhagarika inzira zikomeza.

Muncamake, kuyungurura cake nuburyo busanzwe bwo kuyungurura aho ibice byegeranijwe bigize 'cake' ifasha mugikorwa cyo kuyungurura. Imiterere ya cake - ubwinshi bwayo, ubunini, hamwe no kwikanyiza - igira uruhare runini mugukora neza nigipimo cyo kuyungurura. Gusobanukirwa neza no gucunga neza imigati nibyingenzi kugirango bikore neza muburyo bwo kuyungurura cake. Ubu buryo bukoreshwa cyane mu nganda zitandukanye, harimo imiti, imiti, no gutunganya ibiryo.

12. Kuzunguza imifuka:

Akayunguruzo k'isakoshi, nkuko izina ribigaragaza, ikoresha umwenda cyangwa igikapu cyunvikana nk'uburyo bwo kuyungurura. Amazi yo kuyungurura yerekeza mumufuka, ufata umwanda. Akayunguruzo k'imifuka karashobora gutandukana mubunini no mubishushanyo, bigatuma bihinduka kubikorwa bitandukanye, kuva mubikorwa bito kugeza mubikorwa byinganda.

1.) Uburyo:

Kugumana Ibice:Amazi atemba ava imbere yerekeza hanze yumufuka (cyangwa mubishushanyo bimwe, hanze kugeza imbere). Ibice binini kuruta ubunini bwumufuka byafatiwe mumufuka, mugihe amazi asukuye anyura.

* Kubaka:Mugihe ibintu byinshi kandi byinshi byafashwe, igice cyibice bigize ibice byimbere mumifuka yimbere, gishobora nacyo gukora nkigice cyinyongera cyo kuyungurura, gifata nuduce duto duto.

2.) Inzira:

* Kwinjiza:Akayunguruzo gashizwe imbere mumifuka yungurura inzu, iyobora itemba ryamazi mumufuka.

* Kurungurura:Mugihe amazi anyuze mumufuka, umwanda ufatiwe imbere.

* Gusimbuza imifuka:Igihe kirenze, uko umufuka uba wuzuyemo ibice, kugabanuka k'umuvuduko hejuru ya filteri biziyongera, byerekana ko hakenewe impinduka mu gikapu. Umufuka umaze kuzura cyangwa kugabanuka k'umuvuduko ukabije, umufuka urashobora gukurwaho, kujugunywa (cyangwa gusukurwa, niba wongeye gukoreshwa), ugasimbuzwa undi.

3.) Ingingo z'ingenzi:

* Ibikoresho:Imifuka irashobora gukorwa mubikoresho bitandukanye nka polyester, polypropilene, nylon, nibindi, bitewe nuburyo bukoreshwa nubwoko bwamazi arimo kuyungurura.

Urutonde rwa Micron:Imifuka ije mubunini butandukanye cyangwa ibipimo bya micron kugirango bihuze ibisabwa bitandukanye.

* Iboneza:Akayunguruzo k'imifuka karashobora kuba sisitemu imwe cyangwa imifuka myinshi, bitewe nubunini nigipimo cyo kuyungurura bikenewe.

4.) Ibyiza:

* Ikiguzi:Sisitemu yo kuyungurura imifuka akenshi iba ihenze kurenza ubundi bwoko bwo kuyungurura nka cartridge muyunguruzi.

* Kuborohereza gukora:Guhindura akayunguruzo k'isakoshi muri rusange biroroshye, bigatuma kubungabunga byoroshye.

* Guhindura byinshi:Birashobora gukoreshwa muburyo butandukanye bwo gusaba, kuva gutunganya amazi kugeza gutunganya imiti.

* Igipimo kinini cyo gutemba:Bitewe nigishushanyo cyabo, muyungurura umufuka urashobora gukora igipimo cyinshi cyo gutemba.

5.) Imipaka:

* Urwego ruciriritse:Mugihe akayunguruzo k'imifuka gashobora gufata umutego munini w'ubunini, ntibishobora kuba byiza nka membrane cyangwa cartridge muyunguruzi kubice byiza cyane.

* Iyaruka ry'imyanda:Keretse niba imifuka yongeye gukoreshwa, imifuka yakoreshejwe irashobora kubyara imyanda.

* Impanuka zishobora kubaho:Niba bidafunze neza, hari amahirwe yuko amazi amwe ashobora kurenga umufuka, biganisha ku kuyungurura neza.

Muri make, gushungura imifuka nuburyo bukoreshwa kandi butandukanye bwo kuyungurura. Nuburyo bworoshye bwo gukoresha no gukoresha-ikiguzi, ni amahitamo azwi kubintu byinshi biciriritse kugeza byoroshye. Guhitamo neza ibikoresho byimifuka hamwe na micron igipimo, kimwe no kubungabunga buri gihe, nibyingenzi kugirango ugere kubikorwa byiza byo kuyungurura.

Nigute ushobora guhitamo ibicuruzwa byiza bya tekinike yo kuyungurura sisitemu yo kuyungurura?

Guhitamo ibicuruzwa byiza byo kuyungurura nibyingenzi mugukora neza no kuramba kwa sisitemu yo kuyungurura. Ibintu byinshi biza gukina, kandi inzira yo gutoranya irashobora rimwe na rimwe kuba ingorabahizi. Hano hepfo intambwe nibitekerezo byo kukuyobora muguhitamo neza:

1. Sobanura Intego:

* Intego: Menya intego yibanze yo kuyungurura. Nukurinda ibikoresho byoroshye, kubyara ibicuruzwa bifite isuku nyinshi, gukuraho umwanda wihariye, cyangwa izindi ntego?

* Icyifuzo Cyiza: Sobanukirwa urwego rwifuzwa rwa filteri. Kurugero, amazi meza ashobora kuba afite isuku itandukanye n’amazi meza cyane akoreshwa mu gukora semiconductor.

2. Gusesengura ibiryo:

* Ubwoko bwanduye: Menya imiterere yanduye - ni organic, organic organique, biologique, cyangwa imvange?

* Ingano y'ibice: Gupima cyangwa kugereranya ingano y'ibice bigomba kuvaho. Ibi bizayobora ingano ya pore cyangwa micron yo guhitamo.

* Kwibanda: Sobanukirwa nubunini bwanduye. Kwibanda cyane birashobora gukenera intambwe yo kuyungurura.

3. Reba ibipimo ngenderwaho:

* Igipimo cyo gutemba: Menya igipimo cyifuzwa cyangwa ibicuruzwa byinjira. Akayunguruzo keza cyane kurwego rwo hejuru mugihe izindi zishobora gufunga vuba.

* Ubushyuhe & Umuvuduko: Menya neza ko ibicuruzwa byungurura bishobora gukemura ubushyuhe bwimikorere nigitutu.

* Guhuza imiti: Menya neza ko akayunguruzo kajyanye n’imiti cyangwa umusemburo uri mu mazi, cyane cyane ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru.

4. Ibintu mubitekerezo byubukungu:

* Igiciro cyambere: Reba igiciro cyambere cya sisitemu yo kuyungurura kandi niba ihuye na bije yawe.

* Igiciro cyibikorwa: Ibintu mubiciro byingufu, kuyungurura, kuyisukura, no kuyitaho.

* Lifespan: Reba igihe giteganijwe cyo kubaho kubiyungurura nibiyigize. Ibikoresho bimwe bishobora kugira ikiguzi cyo hejuru ariko ubuzima burebure.

5. Suzuma Ikoranabuhanga rya Filtration:

* Uburyo bwo kuyungurura: Ukurikije ibyanduye hamwe nubuziranenge bwifuzwa, hitamo niba kuyungurura hejuru, kuyungurura ubujyakuzimu, cyangwa kuyungurura membrane birakwiye.

* Akayunguruzo Hagati: Hitamo hagati yamahitamo nka cartridge muyunguruzi, gushungura imifuka, gushungura ceramic, nibindi, ukurikije porogaramu nibindi bintu.

* Kongera gukoreshwa na Disposable: Hitamo niba byongeye gukoreshwa cyangwa kuyungurura bikwiranye na porogaramu. Akayunguruzo gashobora gukoreshwa birashobora kuba ubukungu mugihe kirekire ariko bisaba koza buri gihe.

6. Kwishyira hamwe kwa sisitemu:

* Guhuza na sisitemu iriho: Menya neza ko ibicuruzwa byo kuyungurura bishobora guhuzwa hamwe nibikoresho cyangwa ibikorwa remezo bihari.

* Ubunini: Niba hari amahirwe yo kwagura ibikorwa mugihe kizaza, hitamo sisitemu ishobora gukora ubushobozi bwiyongereye cyangwa ni modular.

7. Ibidukikije n’umutekano Ibitekerezo:

* Imyanda yimyanda: Reba ingaruka zibidukikije za sisitemu yo kuyungurura, cyane cyane mubyerekeranye no kubyara imyanda no kujugunya.

* Umutekano: Menya neza ko sisitemu yujuje ubuziranenge bwumutekano, cyane cyane niba harimo imiti yangiza.

8. Icyamamare cyabacuruzi:

Ubushakashatsi bushobora kuba abacuruzi cyangwa ababikora. Reba izina ryabo, gusubiramo, imikorere yashize, hamwe ninkunga yo kugurisha.

9. Kubungabunga no Gushyigikira:

* Sobanukirwa n'ibisabwa byo kubungabunga sisitemu.

* Reba kuboneka ibice bisimburwa hamwe nubufasha bwabacuruzi bwo kubungabunga no gukemura ibibazo.

10. Kugerageza Abapilote:

Niba bishoboka, kora ibizamini bya pilote hamwe na verisiyo ntoya ya sisitemu yo kuyungurura cyangwa ishami ryikigereranyo uhereye kubacuruzi. Iki kizamini nyacyo kirashobora gutanga ubushishozi mubikorwa bya sisitemu.

Muri make, guhitamo ibicuruzwa byiza byo kuyungurura bisaba gusuzuma byimazeyo ibiranga ibiryo, ibipimo bikora, ibintu byubukungu, hamwe nibitekerezo bya sisitemu. Buri gihe menya neza ko ibibazo by’umutekano n’ibidukikije byakemuwe, kandi wishingikirize ku igeragezwa ryindege igihe cyose bishoboka kugirango wemeze amahitamo.

Urashaka igisubizo cyizewe cyo kuyungurura?

Umushinga wawe wo kuyungurura ukwiye ibyiza, kandi HENGKO irahari kugirango itange ibyo. Hamwe nimyaka yubuhanga kandi izwiho kuba indashyikirwa, HENGKO itanga ibisubizo byungurujwe byujuje ibisabwa byihariye.

Kuki HENGKO?

* Gukata tekinoroji

* Igisubizo cyihariye kubikorwa bitandukanye

* Yizewe n'abayobozi b'inganda kwisi yose

* Yiyemeje kuramba no gukora neza

* Ntukabangamire ubuziranenge. Reka HENGKO ibe igisubizo cyibibazo byawe byo kuyungurura.

Menyesha HENGKO Uyu munsi!

Menya neza intsinzi yumushinga wawe. Kanda mubuhanga bwa HENGKO ubungubu!

[Kanda Nkukurikira kugirango ubaze HENGKO]