Ibyo Ukwiye Kumenya Byose

Gucumura bigira uruhare runini mubikorwa byo gukora, bigafasha gukora ibintu bikomeye kandi biramba.Gusobanukirwa ishingiro ryicyaha ningirakamaro kubashakashatsi, abashakashatsi, hamwe nabakunzi.Iyi ngingo igamije gucengera mu gitekerezo cyo gucumura, gucukumbura inzira zayo, kuganira ku bikorwa byayo, no kwerekana ibyiza byayo n'aho bigarukira.

Icyaha ni iki?

Gucumura ni inzira ikubiyemo guhuza ibikoresho by'ifu mu misa ikomeye ukoresheje ubushyuhe.Bitandukanye nuburyo busanzwe bwo gushonga, gucumura ntabwo bigera aho gushonga.Ahubwo, ikoresha ikwirakwizwa rya atome hirya no hino, biganisha ku guhuza no kwiyongera.Iyi nzira itanga imiterere ihamye hamwe nuburyo bwiza bwubukanishi.

Gucumura nabyo bifite imyumvire yagutse kandi ifunganye.Kubisobanuro byagutse, gucumura ninzira ifu irekuye ihujwe mubice hamwe nimbaraga zikomeye zihuza ubushyuhe runaka.Ariko gucumura mubijyanye no gukora ibyuma ninzira ihuza ifu yubutare bwibyuma nibindi bikoresho birimo ibyuma mumikorere myiza ya metallurgical performance artificiel fusion, umusaruro wacyo ni icyaha.Harimo inzira zitandukanye za fiziki-chimique Nubwo bombi bakoresheje ijambo gucumura.

Inzira yo gucumura

Inzira yo gucumura igizwe n'ibyiciro byinshi.Mu ntangiriro, ibikoresho bibisi bikozwe muburyo bwihariye, mubisanzwe muburyo bwa poro.Iyi fu noneho ikomatanyirizwa hamwe hakoreshejwe igitutu kugirango ihuze kandi ikureho icyuho.Ibikurikira, ibikoresho byegeranijwe bikorerwa ubushyuhe bugenzurwa mu ziko.Ubushyuhe bugengwa neza kugirango byorohereze uduce duto bidateye gushonga byuzuye.Mugihe cyo gushyushya, ibice bigenda bikwirakwira, biganisha ku ijosi no kwiyongera.Icyiciro cyanyuma kirimo gukonjesha ibicuruzwa byacumuye, bikemerera gukomera muburyo bukomeye kandi bufatanije.

Ifu ya sineri twajyaga tuvuga ni ifu yicyuma cyangwa ifu yuzuye.Nuburyo bwubukorikori bwo kubona ibikoresho cyangwa ibicuruzwa mumbaraga zisabwa kandi zidasanzwe bitewe nubusabane bwumubiri nubumara hagati yibice byubushyuhe buri munsi yubushyuhe bwibice byingenzi.HENGKO ifite urukurikirane rwibintu byangiza ibicuruzwa byubwoko butandukanye bwihariye nubunini burimoAkayunguruzo, akayunguruzo,buji ya buji,urupapuron'ibindi.Ibicuruzwa byacu byuma bidafite ibyuma bifite ibyiza byimbaraga nyinshi, Kwinjira neza, gushungura neza neza no kurwanya ruswa, bikwiriye ahantu henshi.Serivise yihariye nayo itangwa nkuko wabisabye.

Buri ntambwe mubikorwa byo gucumura ni imikoranire, kandi kwibanda ni intambwe yingenzi cyane mubikorwa byo gucumura, none rero kwibandaho bisobanura iki？ Guhuriza hamwe intambwe ifata ingamba zo kunoza ibikoresho bibisi na lisansi, bigatuma biba umutwaro witanura wujuje ibisabwa byo gushimangira itanura riturika mbere yuko ibikoresho bibisi na lisansi byinjira mu itanura riturika.Ibipimo bihanitse bya tekiniki nubukungu ninyungu zubukungu birashobora kuboneka nyuma yibitekerezo byakoreshejwe mugushongesha itanura.Icyo bita "koresha neza ibintu byose" kandi ukoreshe neza umutungo.Nuburyo bwo kumenya kubungabunga no kurengera ibidukikije.

Ibintu bigira ingaruka ku gucumura

Ibintu byinshi bigira ingaruka kumikorere, harimo ubushyuhe, igipimo cyo gushyushya, umuvuduko, ingano yingingo, hamwe nibigize.Ubushyuhe bugira uruhare runini muguhitamo ibicumuro hamwe nibintu bivamo.Igipimo cyo gushyushya kigira ingaruka kumikorere, kuko gushyuha byihuse bishobora gutuma uhuza ibice bitaringaniye.Umuvuduko ukoreshwa mugihe cyo guhuza kugirango uhindure ibice hanyuma uhindure ububobere.Ingano yingirakamaro hamwe nibigize bigira ingaruka kumyitwarire yicyaha, hamwe nuduce duto hamwe nibihimbano byombi biteza imbere kurushaho.

Duhereye ku buryo busanzwe bw'ijambo gucumura, ijambo gutwika ni ugukoresha umuriro, hagomba kubaho urumuri ruherekejwe n'ubushyuhe bwinshi.Kandi inzira yo gucumura igomba gukorwa mubushyuhe bwinshi.Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bukorwa no gutwika lisansi.Ubushyuhe, ubushyuhe bwaka, ubugari bwumuriro ugurumana, ikirere mubikoresho byacumuye, nibindi bizagira ingaruka kumajyambere yuburyo bwo gucumura hamwe nubwiza bwibicuruzwa byanyuma.Kandi ibyo bintu bifitanye isano nibintu bya fiziki na chimique ya lisansi na dosiye.Kubwibyo, Ibintu bya fiziki na chimique bya lisansi nibintu byingenzi bigira ingaruka kumikorere.

Metafora ikintu ntigishobora kubaho kidafite ishingiro babamo.Ibicanwa nibikoresho fatizo bisa nuruhu nimbaho ​​bifitanye isano ni ngombwa.Nta na kimwe, inzira yo gucumura ntishobora kubaho.Ariko lisansi yamashanyarazi yerekeza cyane cyane kuri lisansi ikomeye yaka mubintu.Ikoreshwa cyane ni ifu ya kokiya ya pokoro na anthracite, nibindi.

Ubwoko butandukanye bwo gucumura

Gucumura bikubiyemo tekinike zitandukanye zashyizwe mubikorwa hashingiwe ku buryo hamwe nuburyo bugira uruhare muri gahunda.Gusobanukirwa ubwoko butandukanye bwo gucumura ni ngombwa muguhitamo uburyo bukwiye kubikorwa byihariye.Hano hari ubwoko bumwe bwo gucumura:

1 Icyaha gikomeye

Uburyo bukomeye bwo gucumura, bizwi kandi ko gukwirakwiza gukwirakwiza, ni uburyo bukoreshwa cyane.Muri ubu buryo, ibikoresho byifu bikorerwa ubushyuhe bwo hejuru munsi yabyo.Mugihe ubushyuhe bwiyongera, ikwirakwizwa rya atome riba hagati yuduce twegeranye, byoroha gukora amajosi no guhuza.Kurandura icyuho no gutondekanya ibice biganisha ku kwiyongera no gukora misa ikomeye.

Gucumura cyane-bikoreshwa cyane mugukora ubukorikori, nka farufari na alumina, ndetse no gucumura ifu yicyuma.Itoneshwa mugihe cyo kubungabunga imiti nubuziranenge bwibintu ni ngombwa.Mugenzuye neza ibipimo byo gucumura, nkubushyuhe, igihe, nigitutu, ibintu byifuzwa birashobora kugerwaho.

2 Amazi yo mu cyiciro

Amazi yo mu cyiciro cya feri arimo kongeramo icyiciro cyamazi kugirango afashe muguhindura ibice no guhuza mugihe cyo gucumura.Icyiciro cyamazi, akenshi ibintu-bishonga-ingingo-yibintu, ikora nka binder cyangwa flux, igabanya ubushyuhe bwikigereranyo busabwa kugirango densifike.Ubu buryo ni ingirakamaro cyane cyane mugihe cyo gucumura ibikoresho hamwe no gushonga cyane cyangwa mugihe byongera igipimo cya densification byifuzwa.

Mugihe cyo gucamo ibice byamazi, icyiciro cyamazi gikwirakwira hagati yibice, bigatera guhinduranya ibice no kongera ijosi no kwiyongera.Kubaho kwicyiciro cyamazi nabyo bifasha gukuraho umwanda kandi byoroshya gucumura ibikoresho hamwe nibintu bigoye.

Amazi yo mu cyiciro cya Liquid akoreshwa mugukora karbide ya sima, aho tungsten karbide ibice bihujwe hakoreshejwe boberi ishingiye kuri cobalt.Irakoreshwa kandi mugucumura ibintu bimwe na bimwe byubutaka hamwe nibyuma, nkibyuma bitagira umwanda.

3 Gukora Icyaha

Gukora gucumura, bizwi kandi nk'umurima ufashwa no gucumura cyangwa gucana plasma, ni uburyo bushya bwo gucumura bukoresha imbaraga zituruka hanze kugirango buteze imbere.Harimo no gukoresha umurima w'amashanyarazi, amashanyarazi, cyangwa imirasire ya electromagnetique kugirango wongere inzira yo gucumura.

Inkomoko y'ingufu zituruka hanze yihutisha ikwirakwizwa rya atome, biganisha ku kwihuta kw'ijosi no kwiyongera.Gukoresha ingufu z'amashanyarazi bitanga ubushyuhe bwaho, bikagabanya igihe cyo gucumura kandi bigafasha gucumura ibikoresho mubushyuhe buke.Ubu buhanga butanga ibyiza nko kunoza ubucucike, kugabanya imikurire y’ingano, no kugenzura neza microstructure hamwe nimiterere.

Gukora ibicumuro bikora usanga porogaramu mubice bitandukanye, harimo umusaruro wububumbyi bwateye imbere, ibikoresho bikora, hamwe nibihimbano.Nibyiza cyane kubikoresho bifite ingingo zo hejuru zishonga, ibihimbano bigoye, cyangwa ubushobozi buke.

4 Ubundi bwoko bwo gucumura

Usibye ubwoko bwavuzwe haruguru, hariho ubundi buryo bwihariye bwo gucumura bujyanye nibisabwa byihariye.Harimo gucumura microwave, aho ingufu za microwave zikoreshwa mugushushya no gucumura ibintu, hamwe no gufashwa nigitutu, gihuza umuvuduko nubushyuhe kugirango byongere ubwinshi.

Byongeye kandi, gutoranya lazeri (SLS) hamwe no gucana ibyuma bya elegitoronike (EBS) nubuhanga bwo gukora ibikoresho byifashisha imirasire yingufu kugirango uhitemo ibikoresho byifu byifu, ibice kumurongo, kugirango bitange ibintu bigoye-bitatu.

Buri bwoko bwicyaha butanga inyungu zidasanzwe kandi bwatoranijwe bushingiye kumiterere yibintu, ibisubizo byifuzwa, hamwe nibisabwa byihariye.

Porogaramu yo gucumura

Gucumura bisanga porogaramu nini mubikorwa bitandukanye bitewe nubushobozi bwayo bwo guhindura ibikoresho byifu mubice bikomeye hamwe nibintu byongerewe imbaraga.Reka dusuzume bimwe mubice byingenzi aho gucumura bikoreshwa cyane:

1 - Ububumbyi

Ubukorikori nimwe mubice byibanze aho gucumura bikoreshwa cyane.Ubukorikori bwacuzwe bugaragaza imbaraga za mashini, ubukana, hamwe nubushyuhe bwumuriro.Gucumura bikoreshwa mugukora amabati yubutaka, ibikoresho by isuku, ibikoresho byo gukata, ibikoresho bivunika, hamwe n’amashanyarazi.Mugenzuye neza ibipimo byo gucumura, ibikoresho bya ceramic birashobora kugera kubwinshi bwifuzwa, porosity, na microstructure kubikorwa byihariye.

2 - Metallurgie

Mubikorwa bya metallurgiki, gucumura bikoreshwa mugukora ibintu byinshi byuma.Ibi birimo ibikoresho, ibyuma, ibihuru, ibice byimodoka, nibice byubaka.Ifu y'ibyuma, nk'icyuma, aluminiyumu, n'ibyuma bidafite ingese, byegeranijwe kandi bigacumurwa kugira ngo bitange ibice bikomeye bifite imiterere myiza ya mashini.Ibyuma byacuzwe akenshi byerekana imbaraga zisumba izindi, kwambara birwanya, hamwe nukuri ugereranije nibice gakondo.

3 - Ibigize

Gucumura bigira uruhare runini mugukora ibikoresho byinshi, aho ibikoresho bibiri cyangwa byinshi bitandukanye bihujwe kugirango bikore ibikoresho bifite imitungo yongerewe imbaraga.Mu gukora ibyuma bya matrix (MMCs) hamwe na ceramic matrix compte (CMCs), gucumura bikoreshwa muguhuza ibikoresho byubaka, nka fibre cyangwa uduce, hamwe nibikoresho bya matrix.Ibi byongera imbaraga, gukomera, no gukomera kubintu bivamo.

4 - Ifu ya Metallurgie

Powder metallurgie, ishami ryihariye rya metallurgie, ishingiye cyane ku gucumura.Harimo kubyara ibyuma biva mu ifu yicyuma.Binyuze mubikorwa nko guhuza no gucumura, ibice bigoye bifite imiterere igoye birashobora gukorwa.Ifu ya metallurgie isanzwe ikoreshwa mu nganda zitwara ibinyabiziga mu gukora ibikoresho, ibyuma bifata amashusho, hamwe n’intebe za valve, ndetse no mu gukora ibikoresho byo gutema no kuyungurura.

5 - Icapiro rya 3D / Gukora inyongera

Gucumura bigira uruhare runini muburyo bwo kongera ibicuruzwa nka sisitemu yo guhitamo laser (SLS) hamwe no gucana ibyuma bya elegitoronike (EBS).Muri ubu buryo, ibikoresho byifu byatoranijwe byacapishijwe ibice, bishingiye kubishushanyo mbonera, kugirango habeho ibintu bigoye-bitatu.Gucumura bituma habaho guhuza no guhuza ibikoresho byifu, bikavamo ibice byuzuye kandi bikora.Iri koranabuhanga rikoreshwa mu nganda zitandukanye, zirimo ikirere, ubuvuzi, na prototyping.

6 Ibyuma bya elegitoroniki nubuhanga bwamashanyarazi

Gucumura bikoreshwa mugukora ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki n'amashanyarazi.Mu gukora ubukorikori bwa elegitoronike, nka capacator, varistors, hamwe na thermistors, gucumura bikoreshwa muguhuza ibice bya ceramic, bigakora ibikoresho byuzuye kandi bitwara amashanyarazi.Gucumura nabyo bikoreshwa muguhimba amashanyarazi, gupakira semiconductor, hamwe nibice byumuzunguruko.

Izi nizo ngero nkeya zuburyo butandukanye bwo gucumura.Inzira ikomeje gushakishwa no kunonosorwa kugirango ihuze ibikenerwa ninganda zitandukanye, bituma habaho umusaruro wibikoresho bikora neza nibigize.

Ibyiza byo gucumura

Gucumura bitanga inyungu nyinshi zituma uburyo bukoreshwa muburyo bwo gukora inganda zitandukanye.Reka dusuzume bimwe mubyingenzi byingenzi:

1 Imiterere igoye hamwe n'ibishushanyo mbonera

Kimwe mu byiza byingenzi byo gucumura nubushobozi bwayo bwo gukora ibice bifite imiterere igoye kandi bishushanyije.Ukoresheje ibikoresho byifu, gucumura bituma habaho ibice bifite geometrike igoye byaba bigoye kubigeraho ukoresheje tekinoroji yo gutunganya gakondo.Ihinduka ryimiterere ituma umusaruro wibikoresho byabigenewe bikwiranye na porogaramu zihariye.

2 Kunoza ibikoresho bya mashini

Gucumura byongera imiterere yibikoresho, bivamo ibice bifite imikorere isumba iyindi.Mugihe cyo gucumura, ibice bihuza kandi bikagabanuka, biganisha ku kongera imbaraga, gukomera, no kwambara birwanya ibicuruzwa byacumuye.Uburyo bugenzurwa bwo gushyushya no gukwirakwiza bigira uruhare mu gucumura bigira uruhare mu iterambere ryimiterere yuzuye kandi ifatanye, bizamura ubusugire rusange bwubukorikori.

3 Ibikoresho byateguwe

Gucumura bituma habaho guhuza ifu hamwe nibintu bitandukanye, bigafasha gukora ibikoresho bifite imiterere yihariye.Muguhuza ubwoko butandukanye bwifu cyangwa gushiramo inyongeramusaruro, birashoboka guhindura ibiranga ibikoresho ukurikije ibisabwa byihariye.Uku guhindagurika mubihimbano byugurura uburyo bwo gukora ibikoresho bigezweho hamwe nibikorwa byiza, nkibishobora gukomera cyane cyangwa ibikoresho bifite amashanyarazi yihariye.

4 Ikiguzi-Cyiza

Gucumura nuburyo buhendutse bwo gukora ugereranije no gushonga gakondo.Gukoresha ibikoresho byifu bigabanya imyanda yibintu, kuko ifu irenze irashobora gukusanywa no gukoreshwa.Byongeye kandi, uburyo bwo gucumura busaba gukoresha ingufu nkeya kuva ikora mubushyuhe buri munsi yo gushonga kwibintu.Ubushobozi bwo gukora hafi-net-shusho yibice bikomeza kugabanya ibikenerwa mubikorwa byo gutunganya nyuma, bikavamo kuzigama amafaranga mubijyanye no gukoresha ibikoresho, gukoresha ingufu, na nyuma yo gutunganywa.

5 Guhinduranya muguhitamo ibikoresho

Gucumura bitanga ibintu byinshi muguhitamo ibikoresho, byakira ibikoresho byinshi kubikorwa bitandukanye.Irakwiriye kubumba, ibyuma, hamwe nibigize.Ubwoko butandukanye bwibikoresho, harimo oxyde, karbide, nitride, hamwe na alloys, birashobora gutunganywa binyuze mu gucumura.Uku guhuza ibintu kwagutse kwemerera gukora ibice bitandukanye bifite ibintu byihariye, bigatuma gucumura guhitamo gushimishije mubikorwa byinshi.

Ibyiza byo gucumura muburyo bugoye, kunoza imiterere yubukanishi, guhuza ibikoresho, guhuza ibiciro, no guhinduranya ibintu bituma bigira inzira yingirakamaro mubikorwa bitandukanye.Mugukoresha izo nyungu, inganda zirashobora kugera kumusaruro unoze, kongera imikorere, no kuzigama amafaranga mubikorwa byabo.

Hano hari impinduka nyinshi zirimo ibintu bigoye byumubiri na chimique.Imyitwarire yumubiri na chimique muguhindura ifu harimo guhumeka cyangwa guhumeka amazi cyangwa ibintu kama, kuvanaho imyuka ya adsorbed, kugabanya imihangayiko, kugabanya okiside yo hejuru yifu yifu, kwimuka kwibintu, kongera kwiyubaka, gukura ingano, nibindi nibyingenzi kwiga kandi wumve ubumenyi bwicyaha nkumuproducer.Kandi nkumuguzi, kwiga ibi bumenyi bwibanze birashobora kudufasha kugira igitekerezo cyiza muguhitamo ibicuruzwa byacumuye.

Gucumura ni inzira gakondo kandi igoye.Ibihe biratera imbere, Kandi tekinoroji yumusaruro nibikoresho byo gukora nabyo bihora bivugururwa.Bika ubumenyi bwibanze kandi wige ubumenyi bushya burakenewe kubakozi bashinzwe inganda.Mu myaka 18 ishize.HENGKOburigihe ashimangira guhora yitezimbere, guha abakiriya ibicuruzwa byiza na serivisi zitaweho, gufasha abakiriya niterambere rusange.Turizera kuzaba umufasha wawe wigihe kirekire.

Ibibazo (Ibibazo bikunze kubazwa)

Ni ibihe bikoresho bishobora gucumurwa?

Ubwoko butandukanye bwibikoresho birashobora gucumurwa, harimo ububumbyi, ibyuma, hamwe nibigize.Ingero zirimo ifu ya ceramic nka alumina na zirconi, ifu yicyuma nkicyuma naIcuma Cyuma Cyungurura, hamwe nifu ya poro irimo ibikoresho byongera imbaraga nka fibre cyangwa uduce.

Ni izihe nyungu zo gucumura ugereranije n'ubundi buryo bwo gukora?

Gucumura bitanga inyungu nyinshi muburyo bwo gukora gakondo.Iremera kubyara ibice bifite imiterere igoye hamwe nubushushanyo bukomeye, itanga imiterere yubukanishi, itanga uburyo bwo gutunganya ibintu, igahenze cyane kubera kugabanuka kwimyanda, kandi ikakira ibikoresho bitandukanye mubisabwa bitandukanye.

Ni ubuhe buryo nyamukuru bwo gucumura?

Gucumura usanga porogaramu mu nganda nka ceramics, metallurgie, powder metallurgie, electronics, hamwe ninganda ziyongera.Ikoreshwa mu gukora amabati yubutaka, ibice byimodoka, ibyuma, ibikoresho byo gutema, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, nibikoresho byacapwe 3D, nibindi.

Haba hari imbogamizi cyangwa imbogamizi zijyanye no gucumura?

Gucumura bifite aho bigarukira nibibazo.Kugera kumurongo umwe mubikoresho byose birashobora kuba ingorabahizi, kuko ubushyuhe butaringaniye cyangwa gukwirakwiza ibice bishobora kuvamo inenge.Kugenzura imikurire yintete no kwirinda kugabanuka gukabije mugihe cyo gucumura nabyo ni ibitekerezo byingenzi.Byongeye kandi, ntabwo ibikoresho byose bibereye gucumura bitewe nubushyuhe bwabyo bwo hejuru cyangwa reaction hamwe nikirere gikikije.

Ni ubuhe bwoko butandukanye bwo gucumura?

Hariho ubwoko butandukanye bwubuhanga bwo gucumura, burimo gucumura-ibintu bikomeye, gucamo ibice byamazi, gucumura gukora, gucumura microwave, gucumura bifashwa nigitutu, hamwe nubuhanga bwihariye nko guhitamo lazeri (SLS) hamwe no gucana ibyuma bya elegitoronike (EBS).Buri tekinike ifite uburyo bwihariye kandi iratoranywa hashingiwe kubisabwa byihariye nibikoresho.

Nigute gucumura bitezimbere imiterere yibikoresho?

Gucumura bitezimbere imiterere yibikoresho mugutezimbere ibice no guhuza.Mugihe cyo gucumura, ibice bigenda bikwirakwizwa, biganisha ku ijosi no kwiyongera.Ibi bivamo imbaraga zimashini zongerewe imbaraga nkimbaraga, gukomera, no kwambara birwanya.Byongeye kandi, gucumura birashobora kuganisha kumashanyarazi, ubushyuhe, na chimique bitewe nibikoresho hamwe nibigize.

Ibice byacumuye birashobora gutunganywa cyangwa bigatunganywa neza?

Nibyo, ibice byacumuye birashobora gutunganywa cyangwa gutunganywa, nibisabwa.Mugihe gucumura bishobora kugera hafi-net-shusho yibigize, hashobora kubaho aho gukomeza gutunganya cyangwa gutunganya nyuma bikenewe kugirango ugere kubyo wifuza.Gukora imashini nko gusya, gucukura, cyangwa gusya birashobora gukoreshwa kugirango ugere ku ntera yanyuma cyangwa kurangiza.

Ni ubuhe buryo bushingiye ku bidukikije bwo gucumura?

Gucumura muri rusange bifatwa nkibikorwa byangiza ibidukikije.Ikoresha imbaraga nke ugereranije no gushonga no guta, kandi igabanya imyanda yibikoresho yemerera kongera gukoresha ifu irenze.Nyamara, ni ngombwa gusuzuma ingaruka z’ibidukikije ku bikoresho fatizo bikoreshwa, kimwe no gufata neza no kujugunya ibicuruzwa byose cyangwa imyanda ikomoka mu gihe cy’ibikorwa.

Nigute gucumura bigira uruhare mugutezimbere ibikoresho bigezweho?

Gucumura bigira uruhare runini mugutezimbere ibikoresho bigezweho.Muguhitamo witonze no kugenzura ibigize, ingano yingingo, hamwe nicyaha cyo gucumura, birashoboka guhuza imiterere yibintu bivamo.Ibi bituma habaho gukora ibikoresho byateye imbere bifite imiterere yihariye, nkibikorwa byo hejuru cyane, ibinyobwa bikora, cyangwa ibikoresho bihujwe hamwe nibintu byihariye bihuza imitungo.

Niba ufite ibindi bibazo cyangwa ushaka kuvugana naboHENGKO,

nyamuneka nyamuneka kutwandikira ukoresheje imeri kurika@hengko.com.

Twishimiye kugufasha no gutanga amakuru yinyongera ushobora gukenera.